An Analysis of Mel Lazarus’ Angry Fathers

Mel Lazarus, writer of Angry Fathers, showed by describing his relationship between him and his father, as he recalled an incident that happened when he was 9 years old, back in 1938, when corporal punishment was most used to correct bad behavior, â€Å"They’ll live, don’t worry â€Å", was the common idea, that event marked his relationship and trust with his father for life. Lazarus’ family stayed at a boarding house in Catskills for the summer during school vacations, and he and two buddies were hanging out one August afternoon, bored. So what they decided to do was engage in a little remodeling, as the owner of the place was furious, the three mothers basically decided to let their husbands discipline the boys. The bingo players felt a strong lust for vengeance; they wanted to see some beatings. As Lazarus tells it, his friends' fathers came home first, one at a time. The first dad, took off his belt and began whipping his son, the second father came home and when he learned what happened, began thrashing his boy, slamming him to the ground and kicking him. Lazarus was now terrified; his father had never raised his hand in violence, but after seeing this, the young boy was truly afraid that he'd crossed the line. His father came home; the owner explained what had happened. Lazarus's dad stared at his son for a moment. Then he suddenly left. He got back into his car and drove off. He returned an hour later with a stack of Sheetrock boards tied to the top of his car. He took the sheetrock into the remains of the casino, and then took a hammer he'd bought at the hardware store out of the front seat, and went to work. He said not a word to anyone; he just rebuilt the casino, taking most of the night to do it. Lazarus was still worried about retribution in the morning, but none came. The father never mentioned the incident and the weekend went perfectly fine. Lazarus says that, while he knew his father was angry, the father also believed that beating one's child is criminal, that children â€Å"always remembered the pain but often forgot the reason. † The father also understood that a child learns nothing by humiliation – he was not going to â€Å"play into a conspiracy of revenge and spectacle† by publicly flogging his own son. That was not his way, Although many years has passed since then, corporal punishment still being used sometimes with hard consequences, often we notice on television real cases of parents going too far, they are different ways that corporal punish is used, the most popular is within the family, typically children punished by parents or guardians; within the schools when students are punished by teachers or administrators’ or as part of a criminal sentence ordered by a court of law. Corporal punishment of minors within domestic settings is lawful in all 50 states and widely approved by parents. â€Å"They’ll live, don’t worry â€Å", Stanishly the consequences of corporal punishment are vivid, a 14% of all men in prison in the USA were abuse as children, 36% of all women in prison were abused as children and of course children who experience child abuse are 59% more likely to be arrested as a juvenile, and 28% more likely to be arrested as an adult. On the other hand we were very fortunate that my parents had the same level of understanding when it came to punishing us, (we were five kids growing up together), I called my sisters Nora and Veronica, to asked them if they recalled my parents ever punishing us that way, but they told me as I remembered, our parents used discipline on a different way, even then, almost 30 years ago, they lead us the way by using the scriptures,(Jehovah Witnesses), always talking to us, showing up â€Å"The bible’s way† and when, there was something very bad they showed us how to work, replace, put together, apologize, return anything that we just may had broken or misplaced. The golden rule, according to my parents must live in my mind and heart â€Å"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you†, somehow it work for all of us, finally Angry Fathers, show us just how important is that parents understand their children and find other ways to make sure their children are safe and trust in them. It’s a good example for all of us to see the father's refusal to get into a psychodrama are the fact that he also solves the problem of the destroyed casino. The other fathers, likely just as capable of putting up Sheetrock as Mr. Lazarus was. And Mr. Lazarus obviously understood that hitting his son was not going to fix the casino. And that the sound of the hammer banging on sheetrock not only allowed him to get out some aggression, but also served as a stern reminder to the young boy about what he did to the building, and how that lesson lasted a life time.

Contribute To Children And Young People Essay

1.1 Outline the health and safety policies and procedures of the work setting 1.2 Identify the lines of responsibility and reporting for health and safety in the work setting SUPERVISION OF PUPILS – The safety of pupils in the classrooms is the responsibility of the Class Teacher. Class Teachers are expected to exercise effective supervision of the pupils and to know the emergency procedures in respect of fire, bomb scare and first aid, and to carry them out; to give clear instructions and warning as often as is necessary. Children should never be left unsupervised. Suitable supervision will also be carried out when Children are leaving the school premises at the end of the day, during break times and Mid-day break. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT All electrical equipment will receive a regular inspection by a suitably trained member of staff. STORAGE OF CLEANING MATERIALS Authorised chemicals and other cleaning materials must be kept under lock at all times FURNITURE Furniture that is not in good condition should be reported to the Headteacher and removed from use if considered unsafe. LIFTING AND MANUAL HANDLING Injuries can be caused by incorrect lifting and handling of objects, (which need not be large or heavy). Therefore any operation where lifting or handling is involved should be avoided where possible. WORKING AT HEIGHT All staff are asked not to carry out work at height unless it is agreed by their line manager that it is necessary. The site manager will keep a checklist of regular inspections of any steps, ladders and stepladders. No displays are to be higher than 3.5 m in the school hall. CONTRACTORS The Site Manager will liaise with and manage all contractors coming onto the site. All contractors RISK ASSESSMENT An annual risk assessment will be carried out by the Finance and Staffing Committee who will inform the Headteacher of their findings. All potential hazards should be reported to the Headteacher immediately. STRESS Stress is acknowledged by the school as a potential cause of staff illness and all efforts are made to reduce it. NEW AND EXPECTANT MOTHERS The school recognise the fact that new and expectant mothers (NEMs) are at an increased risk of a) injury to themselves and their unborn child b) injury to others who may be affected by their actions. To ensure the safety of the NEM a risk assessment will be carried out by a competent person and the implementation of controls to eliminate or reduce risk will be put in place. C.O.S.H.H. The Caretaker will maintain a C.O.S.H.H. record for the school. All hazardous substances are under lock in the caretaker’s cupboard. ASBESTOS The School’s asbestos survey is kept in the Admin Office and is available for inspection by contractors working on the site who are also required to sign a book confirming that they have seen the survey. ACCIDENTS TO STAFF AND PUPILS All accidents will be recorded in the appropriate accident book (see Reporting Procedures). Parents/Carers should be contacted by phone for any child who has suffered a bump to the head they will then either be sent home or will remain in school under close supervision. Should parents/carers be unavailable the child will be given an advice slip to take home with him/her at the end of the day. FIRST AID * First Aid will be administered but only as far as knowledge and skill permit. * All teaching and support staff have either undergone the required basic First Aid training or have agreed to participate in future training offered by the school. ILLNESS If a child is taken ill in school, the parent/carer will be informed as soon as possible and the child will be cared for in school until such time as the parent can arrange to take the child home. FIRE DRILL During any Fire Drill or evacuation due to the sounding of the Fire Alarms all staff must ensure that visually or hearing impaired children or adults are located immediately and led to safety. 1. The Headteacher, Assistant Head, School Secretary or Caretaker will set off the alarm, (in the case of a real fire person finding the fire would set off the nearest alarm). 2. Each class will evacuate the building as quickly and quietly as possible and children will assemble on playground. If during registration time teachers should take their class register with them, if it is outside registration time the School Secretary will bring the registers and signing-in book to the playground, pupils will then be checked off. 3. The Headteacher or Assistant Head will check with Class Teachers that all are accounted for. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS are located at the following points: – Sterile entrance area by Secretary’s Office door; water extinguisher (red) and Carbon Dioxide (red) – Staff room by Fire Exit; powder extinguisher (red) and fire Bomb Scare The person made aware of the scare will raise the alarm by setting off the nearest fire alarm and evacuation would occur in the same way as it would for a fire. Gas Leak In the event of a Gas Leak there must be a Verbal Evacuation starting with the nearest class in session. DO NOT TURN ON OR OFF ANY SWITCHES AND DO NOT OPERATE FIRE ALARM. Proceed as for a Bomb Scare. AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY Headteacher: The Headteacher is responsible and accountable to the Governors for implementing this school policy and for all matters relating to health, safety and welfare within the establishment. In particular this will include: – being the focal point for day-to-day references on safety and giving advice or indicating sources of advice; – Co-ordinating the  implementation of safety procedures; – ensuring that regular health and safety inspections of the school are undertaken and that working practices are checked; – ensuring that adequate assessment of significant risks from hazards in educational activities is made and appropriate measures are in place for such safe practice; – reporting to the Chairman of Governors so that arrangements can be made to deal with premises management issues, e.g. repair and maintenance of buildings, selection and control of contractors and the development and implementation of emergency procedures; – maintaining contact with outside agencies able to offer expert advice; – ensuring that accidents and hazards are recorded, reported as appropriate and that remedial action is taken, when necessary; – reviewing, at least annually, the procedures and systems of work in place; – identifying and fulfilling training needs. In the event of the Headteacher and Assistant Head being off-site or unable to fulfil their responsibilities due to injury, the next most senior member of staff will assume these responsibilities. VISITS Visits out of school are organised by staff who are fully informed of any physical ailments of the children in their care. Pabulum Supply the catering facilities to the school and operate their own codes of Health and Safety, monitored by their client managers. SAFER RECRUITMENT / SAFEGUARDING CHILDREN The procedures for safer recruitment and safeguarding pupils will follow council guidelines. VISITORS TO THE SCHOOL All visitors to the school must report to the Office and sign the Visitors Log. When they leave they should sign out. ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND SMOKING The abuse of alcohol or drugs is a safety hazard and if there is any suspicion that a member of staff or visitor is under the influence of either, then this must be reported to the Head Teacher who will take the appropriate disciplinary action. Smoking within the school site is prohibited and signs are posted at entrances. VIOLENCE Violence and harassment in both physical and verbal forms will not be tolerated within the school, either between employees or between employees and non employees. EDUCATIONAL VISITS The school recognises that educational visits, away from the safety of the school site, expose school employees, pupils and non employee volunteers to potentially unknown risk. 1.3 Explain what a risk assessment is and how this is managed in the work setting A risk assessment is a document employees must create to evaluate the risks regarding health and safety and use it to help improve the protection in the workplace. Employers must identify hazards and assess the associated risk. When a risk assessment is required in my work setting. The person(s) in charge of the activity will create the document and then have it approved by the heard teacher and health and safety officer. The document Is then uploaded to the school network for other member of staff to modify if they require a similar risk assessment. However all risk assessments must be authorised but the head teacher and must also be re-assessed yearly. 2.1 Explain why a safe but challenging environment is important for children and young people It is important for children and young people to have a safe but challenging environment so they are able to develop their skills and not become afraid of trying new things. However safety is an essential so they are comfortable and have a positive experience. 2.2 Identify the difference between a risk and a hazard A hazard is an existing condition/situation that is likely to cause harm. For example, ice on the school site. A risk is a potential condition/situation that may occur and could become a hazard. For example if the cold temperatures continue there could be ice on the school site. 3.1 Identify non-medical incidents and emergencies that may occur in the work settings. Non-medical incidents and emergencies that may occur in my school are things such as flooding in classrooms or playgrounds, or electrical faults in the school, for example, internet not working, lighting down or heating not working. These are issues that require sorting quickly but do not require medical assistance. 3.2 Outline the actions to take in response to the following situations Fires During any Fire Drill or evacuation when the Fire Alarms sound, all staff must ensure that visually or hearing impaired children or adults are located immediately and led to safety. The person finding the fire would set off the nearest alarm. Each class will evacuate the building quickly and quietly. Children will Line up on the playground. The school Secretary will bring the registers and signing-in book to the playground, pupils will then be checked off. The Headteacher or Assistant Head will check with Class Teachers that all are accounted for. All class teachers should take evacuation key if needed and shut all internal doors after doing a final check. If in the hall all children and staff must evacuate by front entrance and continue to the playground the using path around the back of pre-school. Any staff members of pupils are in the staff room or PPA room they must evacuate via the fire exit and continue to playground. Staff members and pupils in the office and head teachers office must evacuate using the main fire door and head to the playground. Receptionist must take the key for the gate and leave by the front entrance and proceed to the playground. Pupils and staff in working in the ICT Room and Den must Take the evacuation key and leave by Fire exit continue across car park and follow the path around the back of pre-school The Secretary must Telephone Fire Brigade (unless in instant danger) and collect evacuation key, registers and signing-in book and proceed through main entrance to playground. Kitchen staff must leave via the fire exit and proceed to the playground. Security incidents All visitors to the school must register at the Office and sign the Visitors Log. When they leave they should sign out. They will be presented with a  visitors badge to wear and must keep it on until they leave the site. All visitors must be accompanied by a member of staff during their time on the school site. If I notice a person has come onto the site that is not authorised I should notify a senior member of staff and they will question why they are on the site. My school is very close to a wooded area is it very easy for people to accidently enter the site. The unauthorised person must always exit the way they entered. Emergency incidents If a child becomes unwell whilst at school and they require immediate medical care an ambulance would be called, followed by a call to the parent or guardian. If the child could move easily, for example an injured arm we would take them to a calm area. If the child cannot move the area will be cleared until the person has been moved by a medical team all members of staff involved in the situation must monitor the child, especially for shock. 4.1 Identify the signs and symptoms which may indicate that a child or young person is injured or unwell Children will normally tell you if they are feeling unwell, you can check for signs by feeling is they are hot or cold, they may be shivering or sweating. They may look pale, or if are complaining of a sore throat you may be able to see the tonsils or glands are enlarged. The obvious signs of injury are blood if a child has cut themselves, if a child has fallen but there is no blood there will often be a bruise or slight swelling, if a child is complaining of severe pain, there could be a chance of a sprain or breakage, the limb could be in an unusual position, and swelling. 4.2 Identify circumstances when children or young people may need urgent medical attention A child will need urgent medical attention is they are unconscious, have had a nock to the head and are suffering from concussion, if a child has been electrocuted, if they are having an allergic reaction. They will also require urgent medical attention if they have a breakage or severe fracture. In my setting I must also look for symptoms for meningitis  in children as they will require urgent medical attention. 4.3 Outline one role and responsibilities in the event of a child or young person requiring urgent medical attention If a child requires urgent medical attention I am able to take control of the situation as I am paediatric first aid trained.I would need assistance is an ambulance is required. I must carry out whatever actions required and after fill out an incident form. 5.1Describe the reporting procedures for accident, incidents, emergencies and illnesses All accidents, incidents and emergencies must be logged in the accident book unless treatment from a medical team is needed. In this case the incident would have to be recorded on a full accident form. 6.1 Outline procedures for infection control in own work setting The schools infection control is as follows – Children with rashes should be considered infectious and assessed by their doctor. A child diagnosed with chicken pox, measles, and shingles should be kept away until all vesicles have crusted over. Children diagnosed with Impetigo should be kept away from school until lesions are crusted and healed, or 48 hours after starting antibiotic treatment. Children suffering from Diarrhoea and/or vomiting should be kept out of school for 48 hours from last occurrence. 6.2 Describe personal protective clothing that is used to prevent spread of infection When performing any type of first aid, gloves and an apron must be worn to prevent spread of infection. If the child or young person requires CPR the first aider can use a mouth shield when giving the rescue breaths. 7.1 Identify the procedures of the work setting governing the receipt, storage and administration of medicines If a child requires a medicine whilst on the school premises they will be given a form to complete which allows members of staff at the school to administer the medicine. The information required is: Name of illness and medication required What time medicine should be administered and how often Dosage and method Side effects Self-administration or help required The form is then checked over by the secretary and information is passed on to the member of staff that will be administering the medicine. The form also states the medicine must be in the original container as dispensed by the pharmacy. 7.2 explain how the procedures of the work setting protect both children and young people and practitioners It is important to have policies and procedure set in place for administering medicines to ensure the medication they are taking is and the school have been given permission to administer it. If a child is given the wrong dosage they can become extremely ill or possibly have an anaphylactic shock. Have in a policy in place will ensure the person administering has the correct knowledge so that the child will be safe when taking the medication.

High Protein Diet and Gastric Bypass Surgery Essay

There are two very common approaches to weight loss management. Gastric bypass surgery is a trend many are opting for. A high protein diet has similar results; however, it takes more willpower to achieve desired results. This essay will provide the pros and cons to each choice. Diets higher in protein and moderate in carbohydrates along with diet and exercise are thought by experts to reduce blood fats. * Can cause health problems, such as pre diabetes and diabetes. * Decrease blood glucose for pre diabetics and diabetics. Researchers concluded that a 15 percent increase in protein ( a caloric ratio of 30% protein, 20% fat, and 50% carbohydrate); with a constant carbohydrate intake can result in significant weight loss. * Participates in the study ate 441 fewer calories. * Reported greater satisfaction, less hunger, and lost weight. The high protein diet also helps lean tissue while burning fat for fuel. * Reported feeling less hungry and increased energy. * You will be changing your focus toward protein and limiting your carbohydrates. Gastric bypass surgery makes changes to your digestive system to help you lose weight. * You will have to follow a strict diet for about 12 weeks beginning with liquids, then progressing to solid foods. * Frequent medical checkups to monitor your weight loss e.g. ( blood tests and various exams). Gastric bypass surgery is very expensive. * Can cost anywhere from $15,000.00 to $25,000.00 * There are many options available to people who do not have insurance to pay for this surgery. This method of weight loss can improve or resolve conditions with the guidance from your medical treatment team. * Increase probability of all needs for medications in a diagnosed type 2 diabetes patient. * Loss of high blood pressure and high cholesterol 70-80% in patients. In conclusion, both high protein diet and gastric bypass require lifelong changes. A strong support system will increase your ability to maintain your desired results.

Shea's One of a Kind Boutique Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shea's One of a Kind Boutique - Term Paper Example Role of Technology in the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Business Technology can be an important factor in the effectiveness and efficiency of a business if applied properly. In the boutique business, technology would be used smartly in order to make the business more effective and more efficient. A central information system will be set up and all the terminals in the business would be connected to each other. Any entry of data in one terminal would automatically update the data in all the terminals, thus the information would be centralized (Gottschalk, 2007). Use of barcodes will be made and each item in the outlets will be assigned a unique barcode. The barcode will hold the essential information such as price and name of the item. The entry of the data would not be done manually but it will be automated through the use of barcode readers and this information will be updated in the central servers. In case of a sale, the invoice will be generated once the barcode is entered in the system. Thus, the item will be moved from the inventory records and it will be recorded as sold. Another use of technology would be the placement of trackers on the items, specially the items that cost more, in order to ensure that the items are not moved from the inventory unless proper recording has been done in the system in this regard. This control system would also ensure that the items are not stolen from the boutique. Cloud Computing Cloud computing is the sharing of software, information and other utilities over a network among computers and other devices. Cloud computing is a relatively new concept but it is proving to be highly essential for the businesses where centralization of information is becoming necessary. Cloud computing is a combination of infrastructure, platform and applications. Infrastructure include the network, storage and servers; platform includes the database, identity and object storage and the applications include the monitoring, communication, content and financial information. Users access the cloud based applications from their devices using the network or if they do not have access to the network, they can access it over the internet if the network allows virtual access. Cloud computing allows the management to run the business even from remote locations. In this manner, the business remains uninterrupted even when the core management is unavailable (Miller, 2008). For the boutique business, cloud computing can play a very important role. The owners of the business can keep track of all the records in real time without even being required to be available in the premises of the boutique all the time. Another positive aspect of the cloud computing services is that they can be accessed from mobile devices too. Through virtual access, the owners of the business can keep track of all the transactions and financial data of the business even when they are on the move. The major weakness associated with cloud computing in the business is the threat of illegitimate intervention and leakage of information. Since all the records are centralized on the cloud database, any intervention into the network may cause a theft of the confidential records. Technology and Confidential Information Almost all the businesses have some trade secrets and certain records which are not meant to be seen by outsiders or the competitors. The confidentiality

Sex and Gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sex and Gender - Essay Example les of bias will likely always occur in one form or another, but the suggestion that there has somehow been a concerted, secretive international conspiracy by evil corporations directed against women is ridiculous. This paper debunks the glass ceiling myth by examining the arguments by those who would defend its existence and by injecting context and perspective into the discussion. Prior to delving into the multiple facets of the supposed wage gap between men and women in the workplace, one indisputable aspect should be addressed. This nation operates on a capitalistic system. Companies large and small, in every industry and service, have one main goal which is to make a profit, the bigger the better. Therefore, it is an economic reality that if a company could hire women who would accept 25 percent less compensation than a man to perform the same job, as is popularly claimed, they would hire only women. Since this phenomenon hasn’t occurred either locally or nationally, it can be safely assumed that there is no gender-based disparity in wages, no unspoken conspiracy to discriminate against women, no glass ceiling. A recent study which surveyed nearly 900 companies of various sizes found that about half reported that it was at least somewhat likely its next CEO would be of the female gender. This would not have been the case 30 years ago when women, driven by economic necessity, began to enter the workforce in larger numbers. Business analysts have estimated that â€Å"it takes the average man 20 years to become general manager, 25 years to become president, and 30 years to become CEO assuming he has the personal and professional qualities to make it in the first place† (Larson, 2005). Thirty years after women on the whole became more career oriented, they are today as likely as men to assume the head position of businesses, right on schedule. It is only reasonable to expect that there was a gender discrepancy among the top jobs in the beginning years

The Impact of Globalization on Strategic Management Term Paper

The Impact of Globalization on Strategic Management - Term Paper Example Since suppliers may not be relatively reliable in other areas where the producing firm is not available, there comes a time when globalization is the only option. Due to growth of both local and international markets, analysts sought to address and bring about strategic management and globalization of firms in view of attaining maximum customer satisfaction. Business Globalization Globalization of businesses is growing rapidly, leading to emergence of a new field of study called global strategic management. Whereas revolution of events over the past few years has a clear picture showing the impacts of global strategic management that includes the collapse of communism, the evolution of information, and Europe unification, the challenge of reaching the goals of complete realization of goals of global strategic management remains. Challenges remain due to slow adaptation of some business in different societies. However, as globalization of businesses stretches to different corners of t he world, many companies with great strategic management are living witnesses of the many benefits globalization can bring. Due to strategic management, globalized countries have been able to encounter and integrate business in a different culture with different local problems as well values that erupt in a different part of the world (Ramamurti & Hashai, 2011). Managers have come together and sought the different series of moves to use in different environment in order to win maximum clientele participation in the promotion of the company’s products. Importance of Globalization Globalization has brought about new insights of emerging systems of strategic management in diverse parts of the globe. This is witnessing the creation of force that characterizes integration of markets across the globe. Global strategic management has led to dissemination of advanced technology that is unifying the globe despite fear and relentlessness of modern technology. The need to have a great m ode of information technology across the globe is the driving force behind dissemination of technology that has brought the current global transition (Hitt, 2010). The world owes theses concerted efforts to managers who came with this great idea of diversifying business through information and technology. Due to globalization of strategic management, it is possible to diffuse information technology. As a result, a government is able to foster joint research and project development in other countries, corporations are able to sell sophisticated products in other nations, and individuals are able to exchange ideas and knowhow necessary for globalization (Hitt, 2010). With the help of strategic management, developed countries are uniting with the less developed nations across the globe to integrate or fuse technology towards modernization and advancements. Since technology requires strategized plans, globalization is making it possible for strategy managers to introduce technology in d ifferent and, subsequently, remote corners of the globe and making sure people use it accordingly. Globalization is acting as a foundation for construction of companies around the globe because of technology that is turning the world to a coherent business community (Ramamurti & Hashai, 2011). Therefore, globalization of technology is resulting in an enormous need for strategic management. Through globalization, strategic managers are now able to

Business Law (International) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Law (International) - Essay Example Some of the US based companies and exporting manufacturers are not aware of piracy, counterfeiting and theft of their patent or trademark in other countries. It was reported that the brand name, products, packaging style and business plans of some US companies have been copied by some businesses abroad. For this reason, it is recommended that businesses must seek trademark and patent protection in their concerned foreign market ahead of exporting to such markets. The protection of intellectual properties varies widely around the world. When intellectual property becomes more important in international trade, the differences between different protection acts become a source of problem in international economic relation. In 1994, the agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) was negotiated at the end of Uruguay Round of the GATT administered by World Trade Organization. TRIPS put forward requirements that countries laws are expected to meet rights for protecting copyrights, geographical indications, integrated layout- designs, patents, and industrial designs. The Anti- counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) is currently negotiated by the governments of United State, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Japan, Canada and Mexico. ACTA imposed strong enforcement of intellectual property pertaining to internet activity and information based trading. The WTO’s TRIPS agreement attempts to reduce the gaps in protecting intellectual property around the world and to bring them under systematic international rules. Philippe Sands says that the 1994 WTO TRIPS agreement establishes a regime requiring WTO members to make patents available for any inventions, whether product or processes, in all fields of technology without discrimination, subject to the normal tests of novelty, inventiveness and applicability. It also requires that